More than 1 in 20 HIV-positive patients with suspected tuberculosis in a Kampala hospital had cryptococcal antigenemia. But a positive cryptococcal test did not raise the death risk through 2 months of follow-up.

Cambodians taking standard-dose (600-mg) efavirenz with rifampin for tuberculosis and weighing 50 kg or more attained lower efavirenz concentrations than those weighing less. But weighing 50 kg or more did not predict efavirenz concentrations below 1000 ng/mL or virologic failure.

A low CD4 count, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and past or current pulmonary asthma were among the many independent risk factors for tuberculosis identified in a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso. Some TB risk factors differed by region.

Tuberculosis incidence (the new-diagnosis rate) fell sharply from 2002 through 2010 among HIV-positive heterosexual adults in England and Wales, most of them black Africans. But the 2010 rate remained significantly higher than in the general population.

Low IFN-γ plus high TNF-α in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may predict tuberculous meningitis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in people with HIV and thus offer guidance on whether to start or defer antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive people with tuberculous meningitis.

HIV infection, tuberculosis (TB) treatment, age, and other factors raised the odds of multidrug-resistant (MDR) invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) over a 5-year study period in South Africa before the pneumococcal vaccine era.

Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the early stage of treatment for tuberculosis (TB) resulted in a significantly higher rate of TB immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in Durban, South Africa. People who started ART early during TB therapy also had more severe IRIS and a longer time to IRIS resolution.

Three months of once-weekly observed rifapentine plus isoniazid (3HP) proved safer and more tolerable than 9 months of daily self-administered isoniazid (9H) in HIV-positive people from North America, South America, and Spain. HIV-positive people were less likely to stop 3HP than HIV-negative people enrolled in the same trial, TBTC Study 26/ACTG 5259.

South African people taking a lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral combination and a rifampin (rifampicin)-based anti-TB regimen generally responded well to a doubling of the lopinavir dose or to an additional 300 mg of ritonavir to overcome the impact of rifampin on lopinavir concentrations.

Mycobacterial disease incidence has dropped steadily through the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era in Spanish children with HIV. But HIV-positive children still have higher mycobacterial disease incidence than children without HIV.