Sputum smear microscopy to identify acid-fast bacilli incorrectly identified other bacteria as Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a study of 415 HIV-positive people in Nigeria.

Nigerian adults with a poor CD4 or virologic response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) had a doubled or tripled risk of a new TB diagnosis, according to results of a 5000-person study.

During their first year of antiretroviral therapy (ART), migrants in Europe, the United States, and Canada had a 20% higher rate of new AIDS-defining events than nonmigrants, according to results of a 48,854-person analysis. But migrants did not have a higher death rate in the first year of ART.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cut the risk of newly diagnosed tuberculosis by 70% in a longitudinal study of 5040 HIV-positive children in Tanzania. Older age and more advanced HIV disease raised the risk of TB.

Low serum albumin independently predicted death, pulmonary tuberculosis, severe anemia, and weight loss in a 21-month study of 2145 Tanzanian adults starting antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Concentrations of the antimalaria drugs artemether and lumefantrine were sharply lower during rifampin-based anti-TB therapy in Ugandan adults with HIV. The researchers recommend avoiding simultaneous use of artemether-lumefantrine and rifampin.

A nevirapine-based antiretroviral regimen failed to attain noninferiority with an efavirenz (EFV) regimen in a randomized trial of Mozambican adults being treated for tuberculosis and starting their first antiretroviral combination.

Having tuberculosis in the past approximately tripled the risk of later active TB in a large study of HIV-positive Tanzanians with or without prior TB.

The World Health Organization (WHO) symptom screening algorithm for tuberculosis had low sensitivity in identifying TB among South African HIV patients, especially those taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). The findings have implications for starting isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT).

Compared with HIV-negative people, those with HIV had a higher risk of recurrent tuberculosis in a prospective study in Malawi. Among people with HIV, taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) lowered the risk of recurrent TB.